02106cam a22003015a 4500 17901418 20180412131125.0 130927s2014 enk frb f001 0 eng d 9781107039193 9781107612044 DLC eng DLC DLC EG-ScBUE n-us--- 602.18 22 RUS Russell, Andrew L., 1975- Open standards and the digital age : history, ideology, and networks / Andrew L. Russell. New York : Cambridge University Press, 2014. xvii, 306 p. ; 24 cm. Cambridge studies in the emergence of global enterprise Includes bibliographical references and index. "How did the idea of openness become the defining principle for the twenty-first-century Information Age? This book answers this question by looking at the history of information networks and paying close attention to the politics of standardization. For much of the twentieth century, information networks such as the monopoly Bell System and the American military's Arpanet were closed systems subject to centralized control. In the 1970s and 1980s, however, engineers in the United States and Europe experimented with design strategies and coordination mechanisms to create new digital networks. In the process, they embraced discourses of "openness" to describe their ideological commitments to entrepreneurship, technological innovation, and participatory democracy. The rhetoric of openness has flourished - for example, in movements for open government, open-source software, and open-access publishing - but such rhetoric also obscures the ways the Internet and other "open" systems still depend heavily on hierarchical forms of control"-- Standardization United States History. BUEsh Information technology Standards United States History. BUEsh Telecommunication Standards United States History. BUEsh BUEsh ENGELC April2018 Reading book 34232 ddc 26502 26474 0 0 ddc 0 0 Baccah MAIN MAIN 1ST 2018-04-12 Purchase 0 602.18 RUS 000047605 2025-07-15 00:00:00 BB 0 0 ddc 0 0 Baccah MAIN MAIN 1ST 2018-04-12 Purchase 0 602.18 RUS 000047606 2025-07-15 00:00:00 BB 0 0 ddc 0 0 Baccah MAIN MAIN 1ST 2018-04-12 Purchase 0 602.18 RUS 000047607 2025-07-15 00:00:00 BB